Changes In Agricultural Sector Research Articles

Agricultural Workers - the Foundation Pillars of Growth in Agriculture

“If India wants to grow in terms of economy; then instead of developing the industrial sector India first needs to develop its root in rural sector – Mahatma Gandhi.” Right from the Pre history time to today at present we have noticed several changes in agricultural sector, many policies have been implemented and many are in the process of implementation. Every new government comes up with its new policy & at the end the result is -- all what we come across our daily newspapers. It is truly said that if politics is all about who gets what, when & how then state becomes the executive agency for the same. In the context of the above statement my paper deals with the relation of state and agriculture sector from the pre history time to present. It also deals with the policies and programs implemented by the state till date in favor of agricultural workers and agricultural sector. To be brief on the counterpart, the paper also talks about the limitation of the policies and programs of state and my understanding on why some programs reached to the stress of failure. Lastly, with some data and figures the paper would express the cause of migration and transformation of agricultural workers. On the whole the paper discusses the overall agricultural sector of India along with its past success & failure to present status of policies. It suggests what possible policies and implementation state can do to enhance this sector. Majorly what public administration can contribute to this sector?

The role of the AIC in the sustainable regional development: economic assessment

The goal is to develop a model for assessing sustainable development of the region, depending on the state and changes in agricultural sector of Northern Kazakhstan. The article notes that one of the relevant problems of the agro-industrial complex is progressive transformations, in which this industry is fundamental. A brief study of the dynamics of the main averaged macroeconomic indicators for the northern regions of the republic over the past ten years is presented. Particular attention is paid to the need for modeling based on establishing an identity that reflects the influence of factors on the value of gross regional product (GRP) as the main indicator of economic growth. Methods – the study is associated with the study of statistical data and subsequent establishment of a linear correlation. The following results have been obtained: respective conceptual and categorical apparatus has been supplemented, the use of which allows building econometric systems; shows the existing methods for determining criteria in relation to indicators characterizing sustainability and stability of economy; correlation-regression analysis of the progressive movement of the GRP and factorial parameters was performed; significance of multiple correlation coefficient and regression equation was checked; analytical characteristics of multifactor relationships are considered and economic interpretation of the results is given. Conclusions – implementation of the recommended measures will achieve this goal. The formulated and supplemented author's proposals will provide further effective solution of the problems of socio-economic management in practice. The specificity of the regional aspect of these issues lies in the fact that implementation of projects and actions takes place within the boundaries of the territories, which is a direct task of the public structures of the region, while it is important to ensure rational use of the existing natural resource potential, taking into account promising opportunities that are the basis of economic component.

Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture by Hanno Jentzsch

Reviewed by: Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture by Hanno Jentzsch Kae Sekine (bio) Harvesting State Support: Institutional Change and Local Agency in Japanese Agriculture . By Hanno Jentzsch. University of Toronto Press, 2021. xiv, 268 pages. CAD $70.00. Drawing from his exhaustive fieldwork in rural and semiurban Japan for several years, Hanno Jentzsch argues that local agency negotiated and translated national institutional change in the agricultural sector into local practice based on neoinstitutionalist theory and political economy. The backdrop to his book Harvesting State Support is the process of national agricultural reform since the mid-1990s—including market liberalization, the government's withdrawal from market interventionist policies, deregulation, and structural reform—induced by Japan joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Employing the case of the municipality of Hikawa in Shimane Prefecture, as well as a number of others, Jentzsch invites the reader to discover the processes of farmland consolidation led by national regulatory change and how local actors, such as farmers, local agricultural cooperatives called JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives), local administrations, and emerging agribusinesses responded to the change by mobilizing local institutions. The farm consolidation policy was designed to let small-scale [End Page 154] family farmers, often part-time and aging, release their farmlands and to allow emerging, large professional corporate farms, the so-called "bearer farms" which were expected to become more competitive in the international market, to acquire and accumulate these farmlands. However, the author reveals that the results of this policy were heterogeneous among different agricultural localities; while municipalities such as Hikawa achieved a high rate of farmland consolidation, other municipalities had lower levels of consolidation. Based on his case studies, the author points out that village institutions, such as local social ties, norms, and practices in agricultural production and farmland use, significantly influenced farmland exchange and the establishment of hamlet-based collective farms, and therefore the interpretation of national regulatory framework in local practices. Jentzsch found that in some localities where the geographical boundaries of the local JA and local administration correspond with each other, village institutions successfully contributed to consolidating farmland under new macroagricultural reform while protecting the vested interests of local actors. But in localities where these boundaries had been disrupted—by the merger of local JAs from the 1990s induced by financial liberalization and of local municipalities caused by fiscal decentralization from the 2000s—village institutions could not be successfully mobilized in response to national agricultural reform. This book consists of five parts that include 13 chapters. Part 1, "Institutional Change in Japan's Agricultural Sector" (chapters 1–3), is the introduction while part 2, "Japan's Agricultural Support and Protection over Time" (chapters 4–5), illustrates the evolution of Japan's agricultural policies from the postwar period to the second administration of Abe Shinzō that ended in 2020. Part 3, "Local Agricultural Regimes and Village Institutions" (chapters 6–7), explains the significance of local agricultural regimes, local institutional actors, and village institutions that implemented and translated national agricultural reform into local processes in more or less organized ways from the mid-1990s. Part 4, "Village Institutions as Dynamic Resources: Local Renegotiation of Agricultural Support and Protection" (chapters 8–11), provides fine-grained analyses on how the integration of village institutions into local agricultural regimes brought local variations in farmland consolidation, in the roles of entrepreneurial farms and hamlet-based collective farms in local agricultural regimes, and in the impact of boundary changes of JAs and municipalities on the ability of village institutions to effectively respond to the liberalization of the national agricultural regime. Part 5, "Conclusions" (chapters 12–13), summarizes the findings of the study. Jentzsch outlines the implications for the trajectory of Japan's agricultural support and its protection regime. Further, he sketches his own theoretical contribution that emphasizes the effectiveness of local perspectives and insights regarding informal institutions to uncover [End Page 155] the dynamics of local institutional actors in translating macroinstitutional arrangements and to refine the meso-theory of institutional change. The significance of this book is threefold. First, Jentzsch makes Japanese agricultural and rural politics and local realities available to international scholars who can neither access the Japanese literature nor conduct...

Implications of Farmer’s Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Agricultural Sector of Gujarat: Experience from Farm Level Data

This study examined the farmer’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. It used farm level information of 400 farmers who were purposely selected from 8 districts. Thereupon, linear, non-linear and log-linear production function models were used to examine the impact of climate change, farmer’s adaptation strategies and technological change on agricultural production in Gujarat. The descriptive and empirical results specify that adaptation strategies (i.e., change in showing time of crops, mixed cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, application of green and organic fertilizer, hybrid varieties of seeds, dampening of seed before planting, climate tolerate crops, organic farming and technology) have a positive impact on agricultural production. Thus, farmer’s adaptation strategies are useful to mitigate the negative impact of climate change in the agricultural sector. Maximum temperature and minimum temperature, precipitation and rainfall have a negative impact on agricultural production. However, the impact of these factors seemed positive in the agricultural sector when farmers apply aforementioned adaptation strategies in cultivation. Family size, education level of farmers, annual income of farmers, arable land, irrigated area, cost of technology, appropriate technology and financial support from government have a positive contribution to increase agricultural production in Gujarat.

PRESENT STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION: A STUDY ON THREE UPAZILAS OF PANCHAGARH DISTRICT IN BANGLADESH

Nowadays in Bangladesh, farm mechanization is one of the major cause of change in agricultural sector. Due to labor shortage and high wage rate of labor, farmers are compelled to accept farm mechanization. The purpose of the study was to assess the modern agricultural technologies used in Panchagarh district and develop statistical information. The study period was from August 2019 to October 2019. For this study, three places such as Panchagarh Sadar, Boda and Debiganj were selected. Present status was analyzed based on irrigation management system, tillage practices, insect control practices, harvesting and post-harvesting operation, drying and storage facilities for rice production. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the information’s of machinery used in selected places. The study revealed that irrigation, land preparation and crop protection was almost mechanized, but mechanization is still lacking in harvesting operation. There were no transplanter, seed drill and fertilizer applicator found in the study areas used by farmers. Crops were still dried through sun drying storage was done by the traditional storage technologies. It is a fact that mechanization is in progress in these areas but need more extension work with modern machineries. The government should develop proper planning by investigating present status of mechanization and improve the present condition by increasing machinery utilization.

Impact of Technological Change on Growth and Agricultural Sector in Gujarat State of India: A Time-Series Data Study

This study assessed the growth rate of commercial and food-grain crops due to technological change in Gujarat. Growth rate model was employed to examine the growth rate of area sown, production and yield of crops. Subsequently, impact of technological change, and other inputs on yield of individual crop was estimated using a Cobb-Douglas production function model. Time trend factor was used as a proxy variable to capture the impact of technological change, and other inputs (i.e., area sown, irrigated area, application of fertilizer, agricultural labors, rural literate population and annual actual rainfall) on yield of crops. Growth rate of cropped area, production and yield of cotton, sugarcane, castor, potato, rice, arhar, maize, gram and wheat crops were seemed positive in Gujarat. Yield of cotton, sugarcane, castor, rice, arhar, maize, bajra, gram, wheat, jowar ragi, potato, groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed&mustard and soyabeans crops was positively associated with time trend factors. Furthermore, the regression coefficient of time trend factor with yield of cotton, tobacco, potato, groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed & mustard, rice, arhar, maize, bajra, gram, wheat, jowar and ragi was reported positive and statistically significant. Hence, the estimates shows that yield of aforesaid crops were improved due to application of technological change in agricultural sector in Gujarat. Several practical policy suggestions are given to increase the use of technology in agricultural sector to improve the growth of major food-grain and commercial crops.

Community Resilience to Climate Change in Agricultural Sector (Case Study of Sentolo Subdistrict)

Climate change has become a global issue over last decades. Its impact affects to various aspects of human life. Uncertainty of dry and wet seasons present a consequence to and create losses on agriculture sector. Therefore, resilience to climate change is necessary for farmers. This research aims to identify exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity within the framework of community resilience to climate change in agricultural sector. Parameters used in this research include rainfall variability representing system exposure, landuse and topography representing sensitivity, and farmer’s knowledge and behavior representing adaptive capacity. Secondary data used in this research are daily rainfall data, land use and topographic maps, while primary data obtained by interview using purposive sampling method to measure adaptive capacity of farmers community. We employ trend, spatial, and descriptive analysis. The results show that Sentolo Subdistrict has a relatively high exposure to extreme events both in wet and dry seasons that occurred 5 times in 12 years. However, this high exposure did not affect agriculture sector on Sentolo significantly, both in terms of damages and losses to farmers. It indicates that the sensitivity to climate change in this area is low, while farmers’ community in Sentolo has a high level of adaptive capacity. They have sufficient level of knowledge to climate change, better adjustment to technology and well-managed assets. This interplay shows that the agricultural community in the study area has a relatively high resilience to climate change.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND AGRARIAN CRISES IN KARNATAKA: ANALYSIS OF EMERGING EVIDENCE

Agriculture is the primary occupation of most of Karnataka's rural residents. A total of 123,100 km² of land is cultivated in Karnataka, constituting 25.3% of the total geographical area of the state. Agriculture in Karnataka is heavily dependent on the southwest Monsoon since the extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan. Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900 km²) is subjected to irrigation. The state has three agricultural seasons – Kharif (April to September), Rabi (October to December) and summer (January to March). This study exploits the rapid technological improvement and development during the Green revolution to estimate the effects of agricultural productivity growth on structural change both in Karnataka and across country. The process of development requires structural change. The structural change of an economy takes place mainly along two dimensions: one is the changing sector-wise shares in GDP and the second is the changing share of the labour force, engaged in each sector. In case of Karnataka State economy, it is seen that as a first step, the agriculture sector loses its importance with a simultaneous growth of the manufacturing sector and tertiary sector. In Karnataka State, the service sector has grown by by-passing the secondary sector. Structural changes in agricultural sector it is also one type of the agrarian crises in Karnataka state. Agriculture is mainly depends upon monsoon so rural people more interested to go urban area due to getting jobs and were wages are high compared to village. Agricultural sector facing problem of agricultural labour due to agricultural labourers are shifted to urban area because of wages in agriculture sector is low compared to urban wages. In this context, this chapter is an attempt to mark out the structural change in terms of input structure, production structure and employment structure. KEY WORDS: primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, Agriculture, Agricultural crops cropping pattern, Cropping pattern.

Technology Implication of Agricultural Sectors in China: A CGE Analysis Based on CHINAGEM Model

The primary goal of Chinese agricultural development is to guarantee national food security and the supply of major agricultural products. Hence, the improvement of agricultural technology plays a vital role in China for economic development. Technological change in agricultural sector results in higher future economic growth as well as food security, both in food consumption and availability. By constructing China’s agriculture general equilibrium model (CGE), this paper explains the impact of agricultural technology change. This paper constructs a dynamic CGE model based on CHINAGEM model for analyzing the technology increase in China Agricultural sector and then describes the construction of database and policy scenario. Model such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to conduct analysis of the economy-wide impacts of new agricultural technologies in China. In the general equilibrium model, some external variables are established; any part of structural changes caused by its exogenous variables can affect the entire system, resulting in general changes of goods, prices and quantity of factor. Simulation result of this paper indicates the agriculture sector output increases respectively; employment decreases; production cost decreases; and investment increases. Finally this paper describes the effects of the policy of technology changes by comparing policy scenario to baseline scenario and explains the impact of technology changes in China economy using CHINAGEM model.

Study on the relationships between rural and agricultural development and human resource development in Russian Federation since 2000s

The main purpose of the study is to clarify the relationship between Rural and Agricultural Development and Human Resource Development in Russian Federation since 2000s. In order to achieve our purpose, the methodologies of Data Envelopment Analysis, Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling are used to verify our hypotheses in the paper. Analytical results from the research clarified that agricultural development in Russia has made a significant progress since 2000s, it has improved the nation’s food security and rural development, especially since 2010, a positive relationship between agricultural development and human resource development has increased. However, rural and agricultural development in Russia has been uneven across regions; some regions such as Siberian Federal District has left behind the development. It also clarified that structural changes in the agricultural sector have impacts not only on agriculture but also on rural development. Although, agricultural enterprises remain important role in the agricultural performance among others, and its impact on human capital couldn’t be clarified. Policy implications drawn from the research both for the central and regional governments indicated that rural and agricultural development in Russia should pay more attention to Human Resource Development and Rural Development when considering food security in a long-term perspective. Especially the impact of structural changes in agriculture sector on the human capital in rural areas needs careful analysis.

A Study on the Involvement of Farmers in Agripreneurship in Kerala

Agriculture and allied activities are considered as the back bone of the Indian economy. In Kerala,  farmers are withdrawing from their occupation since they consider farming as non-profitable to earn a  living. Thus, there is a need for revolutionary changes in agricultural sector, especially in the field of agribusiness.  Hence, the study is to assess the involvement of farmers in agripreneurship. Both primary and  secondary data were collected for the study. A well-structured interview schedule was prepared and  administered to the selected respondents to collect primary data. Observation and discussion with the  selected respondents facilitated the data collection. Fifty farmers, both men and women, from Venganoor,  Kottukal and Kalliyoor Panchayats of Thiruvananthapuram were taken as the sample for the study. The  study focused on the socio- economic profile, information on the crop varieties, land holdings, factors  influencing the involvement of farmers in agripreneurship and future expectations of the respondents.

Farm households’ perception on climate change and adaptation practices

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the farming community’s perception on important parameters of climate change and identify major practices and technologies adopted to mitigate the impacts of climate change and their determinants in mountain district of Nepal. Being an agrarian economy and dependent on monsoon rain, the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity and production has been experienced. Different adaptation strategies have been adopted by the communities to cope with the consequences of climate change.Design/methodology/approachFour village development committees (VDCs) situated in the buffer zone of Langtang National Park of Rasuwa district representing rice, wheat, maize and potato production area was purposively selected for this study. A two-stage sampling technique was adopted for data and information collection. Thirty households from each VDC were randomly selected. Data on the socio-economic and climate change perception were collected using structured questionnaire. A binary logistic regression technique was used to identify the determinants of climate change adaptation technologies and practices.FindingsThe farmers’ decisions whether to adopt climate change adaptation technologies are governed by the size of landholding, perceived threat of climate change to food security, education level and gender of the interviewee, perception on the increased incidence of droughts during rainy season and income received from the off-farm sources. In a community where agricultural activity is the dominant means of living, adaptive strategies help to increase the capacity of a farming system to survive external shocks and cope with the consequences.Originality/valueThe assessment of farm-level adaptation strategies and factors influencing their adoption decision is important to formulate policies and design programs. This will also help to recognize adaptation as a tool for managing a variety of risks associated with climate change in agricultural sector.

Farmer organizations in China and India

Purpose – Agriculture sectors in China and India are going through rapid changes. There is a shift in demand pattern, significant changes in the supply chain, greater competition due to opening up of the domestic and external markets and fuller integration with rest of the economy. These developments have impacted traditional agriculture and its institutional underpinning. Latter are being transformed and new institutions are coming into existence. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses the changes in economy and the agricultural sector, explores institutional responses in terms of various producer organizations in the two countries, and examines their adequacy for the coming phase of agricultural development in China and India. Findings – The co-existence of various farmer organizations will sustain for a long period in both China and India. Overall, they have benefitted agriculture producers, and more particularly the surplus generating farmers. However, the incompatibility between these and the vast and growing small farm sector is not disappearing. Next set of institutional reforms should address this critical question of “reaching the unreached.” Originality/value – China and India are the world’s two largest countries in terms of population as well as agricultural population. They share a lot of common features. This paper discusses the changes in agricultural sector, explores institutional responses in terms of farmer organizations, and examines their adequacy for the coming phase of agricultural development in China and India, which has never been seen before.

Klasifikasi Tipologi Zona Perwilayahan Wilayah Peri-Urban di Kecamatan Kartasura, Kabupaten Sukoharjo

<p class="Abstract">Wilayah Peri-Urban yang hadir sebagai zona transisi antara kota dan desa telah memberikan ragam wilayah baru yang memiliki karakteristik yang unik. Keunikan perkembangan yang membuat WPU memiliki sifat kekotaan dengan kepadatan yang tinggi dan aktivitas yang beraneka ragam dan ramai, dan juga keunikan sifat pedesaan yang tetap hadir dengan bercirikan sektor pertanian. Sifat kekotaan dan pedesaan yang dimiliki WPU timbul sebagai dampak perkembangan kota di sekitarnya. Kecamatan Kartasura merupakan salah satu anggota Wilayah Peri-Urban yang muncul sebagai bentuk nyata dampak perkembangan Kota Surakarta dalam aspek fisik, sosial, dan ekonomi. Kemampuan Kota Surakarta yang mampu mempengaruhi perkembangan Kecamatan Kartasura ternyata dapat memunculkan sifat kekotaan di sebagian wilayah desa. Di samping itu, perkembangan Kecamatan Kartasura juga disinyalir berkat historis yang tinggi sebagai salah satu pusat kerajaan Islam di Jawa Tengah dan menjadi cikal bakal Surakarta. Namun dengan perkembangan yang tidak merata, menimbulkan adanya fenomena keeksistensian sifat pedesaan sebagai karakteristik unik WPU. Untuk secara nyatanya, diketahui bahwa, meskipun terjadi alih fungsi lahan pertanian tiap tahunnya sebagai bentuk perkembangan kekotaan, sektor pertanian Kecamatan Kartasura masih tetap bertahan dengan dibuktikan melalui peningkatan PDRB di sektor ini. Keunikan sifat kekotaan yang berpadu dengan sifat pedesaan di WPU Kecamatan Kartasura ini menimbulkan suatu pertanyaan, “bagaimana klasifikasi zona perwilayah yang terbentuk di Wilayah Peri-Urban tersebut, tentu saja jika dilihat dari aspek fisik, sosial, dan ekonomi?” Melalui pertanyaan tersebut, penelitian ini dibuat untuk melakukan identifikasi tingkat urbanisasi suatu desa dalam aspek fisik, sosial dan ekonomi yang ditujukkan dalam zona perwilayah WPU, meliputi zona peri-urban primer, zona peri-urban sekunder, dan zona rural peri-urban. Klasifikasi zona perwilayahan dengan analisis spasial yang memanfaatkan SIG ini mendapatkan hasil berupa tiga zona yang terdiri dari: peri-urban primer meliputi 2 desa/kelurahan dengan luas wilayah sebesar 265 Ha, peri-urban sekunder meliputi 8 desa dengan luas wilayah 1.368 Ha, dan rural peri-urban yang meliputi 2 desa dengan luas wilayah sebesar 290 Ha. Dari hasil klasifikasi ini sendiri ditemukan karakteristik WPU yang menjadi ciri khas Kecamatan Kartasura yang membedakan dengan wilayah peri-urban lainnya.</p><strong></strong>

수질 환경을 고려한 농경지 토양 탄소 관리 방안

Carbon sequestration on soil is one of the counter measurements against climate change in agricultural sector. Increasing incorporation of organic fertilizer would increase soil organic carbon (SOC) but it could bring high potential of nutrient losses which would result in water quality degradation. In this paper, literature review on soil organic carbon behavior according to agricultural management is presented. The results of field experiment to identify the effect of organic and commercial fertilizer applications on SOC and runoff water quality were also presented. Field experiment confirmed increased SOC and nutrient concentrations in runoff water as application rate of organic fertilizer increase. The potential use of simulation model to develop best agricultural management practice considering carbon sequestration and water quality conservation at the same time is discussed and monitoring and modeling strategies are also suggested to achieve the goal.

Response of Polish rivers (Vistula, Oder) to reduced pressure from point sources and agriculture during the transition period (1988–2008)

The Vistula and Oder Rivers, two out of the seven largest rivers in the Baltic drainage basin, were responsible for 25% of total riverine nitrogen (TN) and 37% of total riverine phosphorus (TP) input to the Baltic Sea in 2000. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the response of these two rivers to changes that took place in Polish economy during the transition period (1988–2008). The economic changes encompassed: construction of nearly 900 waste water treatment plants in 1999–2008, modernization or closure of obsolete factories, economizing in water consumption, closure or change of ownership of State-owned farms, a drop in fertilizer application, and a decline in livestock stocking. More intensive agriculture and higher point source emissions in the Oder than in the Vistula basin resulted in higher concentrations of TN, nitrate (NO3-N), and TP in the Oder waters in the entire period of our studies. In both rivers, nutrient concentrations and loads showed significant declining trends in the period 1988–2008. TN loads decreased by ca. 20% and 25% in the Vistula and Oder; TP loads dropped by ca. 15% and 65% in the Vistula and Oder. The reduction in phosphorus loads was particularly pronounced in the Oder basin, which was characterized by efficient management systems aiming at mitigation of nutrient emission from the point sources and greater extent of structural changes in agricultural sector during the transition period. The trends in riverine loads are discussed in the paper in relation to socio-economical changes during the transition period, and with respect to physiographic features.